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<title>Harriette Chick</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harriette Chick</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Dame Harriette Chick</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire">DBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine">FRSM</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1875<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1977-07-10</span>)</span> (aged 102)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Cambridge, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Dame Harriette Chick</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire">DBE</a></span></span> (6 January 1875 – 9 July 1977) was a British <a href="Microbiologist" title="Microbiologist">microbiologist</a>, <a href="Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> scientist, and <a href="Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionist</a>. She is best remembered for demonstrating the roles of sunlight and cod liver oil in preventing <a href="Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>. She also greatly contributed to the medical and public community as she discovered the origins of a number of diseases, including rickets and <a href="Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>, and was a co-discoverer of the standard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19352201001">Chick-Martin test</a> for disinfectants.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3></div>

<p>She was born in London, England, on January 6, 1875 as the fifth child of six daughters and four sons of Samuel Chick and Emma Hooley, a Methodist family.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan19902_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan19902-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father owned property and sold lace. The Chick children were brought up strictly with no frivolities and regular attendance at family prayers. All seven girls attended <a href="Notting_Hill_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Notting Hill High School">Notting Hill High School</a>, a girls' school thought to be outstanding for its teaching in the sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, the principle encouraged the inclusion of science as part of the core education. Subsequently, six of the sisters, including Harriette, continued to study for university degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of them, <a href="Frances_Wood_(statistician)" title="Frances Wood (statistician)">Frances Wood</a>, became a notable statistician.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harriette was enrolled at <a href="Bedford_College%2C_London" title="Bedford College, London">Bedford College</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then as a science student at <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> in 1894, and then proceeded to obtain her doctorate in <a href="Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a> at the same university in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div>

<p>She died in <a href="Cambridge%2C_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge, England</a>, in 1977, aged 102.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan1990_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_research_on_sewage_disposal_and_mechanisms_of_disinfection">Early research on sewage disposal and mechanisms of disinfection</h3></div>

<p>During the years 1898–1901, an award from the <a href="Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851">Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851</a> enabled her to undertake research with Prof <a href="Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Max von Gruber</a> in the Institute for Hygiene in Vienna and with Prof <a href="Rubert_Boyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubert Boyce">Rubert Boyce</a> in University College, Liverpool.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan1990_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, she was appointed as assistant to Dr <a href="Alexander_Houston" title="Alexander Houston">AC Houston</a>, Chief Bacteriologist to the <a href="Royal_Commission_on_Sewage_Disposal" title="Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal">Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, she returned to work with Gruber after his move to Munich in 1902. In 1904, she was awarded a <a href="DSc" class="mw-redirect" title="DSc">DSc</a> from <a href="London_University" class="mw-redirect" title="London University">London University</a> for her work on green algae in polluted waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, at the suggestion of <a href="Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a>, she applied for the Jenner Memorial Research Studentship at the <a href="Lister_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lister Institute">Lister Institute</a>, which was the only medical research institute in Britain at the time and had been established in1891 as a private charity <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622097838">.</a> Her application raised several objections as no woman had been bestowed the fellowship previously.<sup id="cite_ref-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in 1905, Harriette became the first woman to obtain a position at the Lister Institute of Prevention Medicine. Her relationship with the Lister was long. Employed until 1945 with the institute, she was an honorary staff member thereafter for 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Chick and Lister Institute director <a href="Charles_James_Martin_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles James Martin (scientist)">Charles James Martin</a> discovered that the process of <a href="Protein_denaturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein denaturation">protein denaturation</a> was distinct from <a href="Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a> (or <a href="Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning the modern understanding of <a href="Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a>. She is known for having formulated <i>Chick's Law</i> in 1908, giving the relationship between the kill efficiency of organisms and contact time with a disinfectant.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chick's Law was later modified by <a href="H._E._Watson" title="H. E. Watson">H. E. Watson</a> in 1908 to include the coefficient of specific lethality. The <a href="CT_Value" title="CT Value">Chick-Watson Equation</a> is still used. A new and, at the time, more realistic test for the effectiveness of disinfectants, the Chick-Martin test, was also devised and named for the two collaborators <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">

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</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="Phenol_coefficient" title="Phenol coefficient">Phenol coefficient</a>)</span>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experience_as_an_early_woman_scientist">Experience as an early woman scientist</h3></div>

<p>In 1909, Chick was a cosignatory to a letter to <i>The Times</i> newspaper from a group of women graduates of the University of London calling for them to be allowed to vote for the Member of Parliament returned by their university.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, she was one of the first three women to be admitted to the <a href="Biochemical_Society" title="Biochemical Society">Biochemical Society</a> following its renaming and change of policy on the admission of women.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_at_the_Lister_Institute_during_and_immediately_after_the_First_World_War:_transition_to_nutritional_studies.">Work at the Lister Institute during and immediately after the First World War: transition to nutritional studies.</h3></div>

<p>In 1915, she briefly went to the Lister Institute in <a href="Elstree" title="Elstree">Elstree</a> to test and bottle <a href="Tetanus_antitoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanus antitoxin">tetanus antitoxin</a> for the army<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to develop the first disinfectants aimed at specific microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She returned to the Chelsea building, however, to prepare agglutinating sera for the diagnosis of typhoid and related diseases in troops. Subsequently, however, she commenced studies on rectifying nutritional deficiencies in the wartime diets of both the native population and overseas forces. Initially, this involved surveys of the ability of various foodstuffs to counter <a href="Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> and <a href="Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, together with Dr. <a href="Elsie_Dalyell" title="Elsie Dalyell">Elsie Dalyell</a>, she led a team, including <a href="Margaret_Hume" title="Margaret Hume">Margaret Hume</a> and Hannah Henderson Smith, from the <a href="Lister_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lister Institute">Lister Institute</a> and the <a href="Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)</a> to study the relation of nutrition to childhood bone disease in post-war Vienna. They discovered the nutritional factor causing rickets and proved that fat-soluble vitamins present in cod liver oil, or exposure to ultraviolet light, could cure and prevent rickets in children.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chick was appointed Head of a new nutrition section at the Lister Institute and continued with her research on rickets and, additionally, <a href="Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>. The department was relocated to the Cambridge house of the Lister director, CJ Martin, during the Second World War.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_distinctions">Honours and distinctions</h2></div>

<p>She served as secretary of the <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> health section committee on the physiological bases of nutrition from 1934 to 1937. In 1941, she was a founding member of the Nutrition Society, of which she served as president from 1956 to 1959. She was appointed <a href="CBE" class="mw-redirect" title="CBE">CBE</a> in 1932 and subsequently <a href="Dame_Commander_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Commander of the British Empire">Dame Commander of the British Empire</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan1990_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, she received an honorary fellowship of the <a href="Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Royal Society of Medicine">Royal Society of Medicine</a>.

In 1918, she was elected to the Physiological Society. She served as Secretary of the Accessory Food Factors Committee of the Medical Research Council from 1918 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chick-harriette-1875-1977#:~:text=She%20was%20born%20into%20a,lace%20merchant%20and%20property%20owner">https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chick-harriette-1875-1977#:~:text=She%20was%20born%20into%20a,lace%20merchant%20and%20property%20owner</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, Neil (1990). "Chick, Harriette". In Frederic L. Holmes (ed.). <i><a href="Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a> Supplement II</i>. Vol. 17. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>166. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-684-19177-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladies_in_the_Laboratory2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCreese1998" class="citation book cs1">Creese, Mary (1998). <i>Ladies in the Laboratory</i> (1 ed.). Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 149. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8108-3287-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Tim (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10073898/3/Cole_Frances%20Wood%20and%20the%20Wood%20medal%20v2.pdf">"The remarkable life of Frances Wood"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Significance</i>. <b>14</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>37. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1740-9713.2017.01074.x">10.1111/j.1740-9713.2017.01074.x</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRayner-CanhamRayner-Canham2008" class="citation book cs1">Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2008). <i>Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Women Chemists, 1880-1949</i>. London, UK: Imperial College Press. p. 61.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2008" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, Kenneth J. (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F138.5.827">"Harriette Chick and the Problem of Rickets"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>138</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">827–</span>832. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F138.5.827">10.1093/jn/138.5.827</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3166">0022-3166</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18424587">18424587</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Morgan1990-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan1990_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan1990_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan1990_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, Neil (1990). "Chick, Harriette". In Frederic L. Holmes (ed.). <i><a href="Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a> Supplement II</i>. Vol. 17. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>166. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-684-19177-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Crusade Against Consumption. <i>The Times</i>, 13 January 1902 p6, London, England</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Haines-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haines_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Haines, Catharine (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain">"Chick, Harriette"</a></span>. <i>International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950</i>. California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57607-090-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U153163"><i>Who Was Who 1996–2000 (Chick, Dame Harriette)</i></a>. A & C Black, London. 2001. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U153163">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U153163</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7136-5439-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChickMartin,_CJ1910" class="citation journal cs1">Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533708">"On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins"</a>. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>40</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">404–</span>430. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1910.sp001378">10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001378</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533708">1533708</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16993016">16993016</a>.</cite><br><cite id="CITEREFChickMartin,_CJ1911" class="citation journal cs1">Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512746">"On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins; the Action of Hot Water upon Egg-albumen and the Influence of Acid and Salts upon Reaction Velocity"</a>. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1911.sp001456">10.1113/jphysiol.1911.sp001456</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512746">1512746</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16993081">16993081</a>.</cite><br><cite id="CITEREFChickMartin,_CJ1912" class="citation journal cs1">Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512881">"On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins. III. The Influence of Alkali upon Reaction Velocity"</a>. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>45</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>69. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1912.sp001535">10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001535</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512881">1512881</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16993182">16993182</a>.</cite><br><cite id="CITEREFChickMartin,_CJ1912" class="citation journal cs1">Chick, Harriette; Martin, CJ (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512885">"On the "Heat" Coagulation of Proteins. IV. The Conditions controlling the Agglutination of Proteins already acted upon by Hot Water"</a>. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>45</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>95. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1912.sp001551">10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001551</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512885">1512885</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16993156">16993156</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chlorine.americanchemistry.com/Science-Center/Classroom-Activities/Harriette-Chick-Reveals-the-Laws-of-Disinfection.html">Chick's Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721214046/http://chlorine.americanchemistry.com/Science-Center/Classroom-Activities/Harriette-Chick-Reveals-the-Laws-of-Disinfection.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThoresen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Thoresen, M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540130">"Women Physiologists"</a>. <i>BMJ: British Medical Journal</i>. <b>308</b> (6937): <span class="nowrap">1173–</span>1174. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.308.6937.1173">10.1136/bmj.308.6937.1173</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540130">2540130</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Garrett Anderson, M. D., B.S., <a href="Marian_Busk" title="Marian Busk">Marian Busk</a>, B. S., Hon. Treasurer., & E. Honor Bone, M. D., B.S Harriette Chick, D.Sc. Jessie W. Scott. M.A. Hon. Secretaries. (16 November 1909). Women Graduates and the Suffrage. <i>The Times</i>, p. 12. London, England.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/chm/research_teaching/womenbiochemists/biochemicalsociety/">"Women in the Biochemical Society"</a>. Centre for the History of Medicine, University of Warwick. 10 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ODNB-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinclairSmith2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sinclair, H. M.; Smith, David F. (2020). "Chick, Dame Harriette (1875–1977)". <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30924">10.1093/ref:odnb/30924</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A history of the UK Bio Products Laboratory (1954-2014), online publication <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/75974837/BPL-History,">accessed 25 August 2019</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/vitamins-history.shtml">"Vitamin Discussion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDalyell1977" class="citation journal cs1">Dalyell, Tam (28 July 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-lLDsoEkKIC&q=harriet+chick&pg=PA250">"Westminster Scene: Inquiry on Engineers"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>75</b>: 250 – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/reprint/154/3_Suppl/S3.pdf">Dalyell and Chicks Research</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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